Osmosis Essays - Chemical Properties, Membrane Technology

Assimilation In my analysis, I intend to see if the centralization of sugar in water influences how much water will go in to a potato chip. I will do this by having twelve test tubes three with one molar of sugar arrangement, three with ? molar sugar arrangement, three with ? molar sugar arrangement and three with zero molar sugar arrangement. I will do three of each so I can take a normal from the results. Forecast For the examination I imagine that the lower the grouping of sugar in the test tube the bigger mass the potato chip will be. I think this since I realize that Osmosis is the development of water atoms over a halfway penetrable layer from a zone of high water fixation to a territory of low water focus. In this manner the water atoms go from a high fixation (in the water itself) to a low focus (in the potato chip). Along these lines, the chips in higher water focuses will have a bigger mass than in higher sugar fixations. Outline For Prediction This is a graph for what I anticipate will occur in the test. On the off chance that the potato is in one Molar arrangement then the expansion in mass because of assimilation will be close to nothing, as there is more sugar than water in the arrangement. In the event that it is in 0.5 Molar arrangement, it should expand a bit. On the off chance that it is in unadulterated water, at that point the expansion will be a considerable amount, as there are many water atoms in water, along these lines due to assimilation its mass will expand more that the other two tests. Reasonable Test In the examination, I will make it a reasonable test by keeping the accompanying things the equivalent: 1. Volume of arrangement ? 20ml 2. Same size bubbling cylinder 3. Same sort of potato 4. Temperature ? Room Temperature 5. Same sugar arrangement 6. Same size potato borer 7. Time left for ? 48hrs 8. Size of potato chip ? 20mm For these rules, having them not uniform in the entirety of the tests would mean it that way would not be a reasonable test. For example in the event that I had a more drawn out potato the surface region would be greater and there would be more space for assimilation to happen. Mechanical assembly To do this test I will require ? 1. Twelve test tubes 2. Sugar arrangement 3. Water 4. Twelve potato chips 5. Size 5 borer 6. Ruler 7. Two test tube racks 8. A Knife Outline These are graphs of how the mechanical assembly is utilized. This initial one is about drilling the gaps in the potato This one is the potato chip in the water arrangement. Technique 1. Take around a few potatoes and bore twelve potato chambers out of them utilizing borer size 5. 2. Slice the potato chambers to 20mm, at that point put in a safe spot. 3. Gather twelve test cylinders and put in test tube racks. 4. Measure 20, 10 and 15ml of water multiple times (3 x 20, 3 x 10 and 3 x 15ml water) at that point 5. Measure 20, 10 and 5ml of sugar arrangement multiple times (3 x 20 3 x 10 and 3 x 5ml sugar arrangement) 6. Blend these in a specific order, 20ml water in three test tubes. Three test containers of 10ml water + 10ml sugar arrangement. Three test containers of 15ml water and 5ml sugar arrangement. At long last three test containers of 20ml sugar arrangement. 7. Endeavor to put all potato contributes simultaneously. 8. Leave for 48hrs. 9. Return 48hrs time and remove all the potato chips from the test tubes. 10. Move them cautiously on paper towels or other permeable material to evacuate abundance water. 11. Gauge each chip exclusively and record the estimation. Results Molar Mass at start Mass at finish Difference Increase in % 1.00 1.68 1.22 - 0.46 - 27.38 0.50 1.68 1.36 - 0.32 - 19.05 0.00 1.68 2.20 0.52 30.95 1.00 1.68 1.22 - 0.46 - 27.38 0.50 1.68 1.38 - 0.30 - 17.86 0.00 1.68 1.95 0.27 16.07 1.00 1.68 1.21 - 0.47 - 27.98 0.50 1.68 1.33 - 0.35 - 20.83 0.00 1.68 1.90 0.22 13.10 Graphs See appended sheets. End My outcomes show that the mass of the potato in the trial with one molar of sugar arrangement diminished by about - 27.68 % which implies Osmosis probably happened in light of the fact that the water leaving the potato's cells into the sugar arrangement diminished the mass as the sugar atoms can't get into the potato as its particles are too large. The potato that was in 0.5 molar sugar

Glacier :: Nature Wildlife Geography Essays

Icy mass The frosty run off stream was colder than ice, so cool it resembled a downpour of broken glass against the skin. The water itself is somewhat blue white, the shade of skim milk. On the bank of the chilly stream, a hundred dead and spoiling fish lay spread around like setbacks of an ongoing fight. The bodies lay in each phase of rot, from new, as though just pulled from the water, to unadulterated white skeletons stripped by foragers. The odor resembles a tremendous petroleum gas spill. The stream itself is so packed with bringing forth silver salmon, that it takes after a mammoth jar of sardines. The daylight sparkling off their silver backs glimmers like cleaned chrome. These stunning fish are swimming upstream against the current, hopping frequently with the force and deftness of an Olympic acrobat. The landscape encompassing the waterway is solidified tundra. It has disgusting green and earthy colored waste on top because of the curiously warm summer, however burrow down an inch and you will experience ground as hard as concrete. The huge tundra is in sharp difference to the moving slopes far out there. The withdrawing ice sheet truly carve its way through the scene, voiding this stretch of place that is known for everything except for hard ground and cold grass. A great many long stretches of frigid development had cut an unmistakable scar that could peruse history just as any sedimentary stone. Out yonder you could plainly observe the limits of the old ice sheet. Slopes out of nowhere show up out of the solidified no man's land. Tall evergreens sticking into the sky, appear as though mammoths, even a ways off, contrasted with the evenness of the tundra. Thick dark mists hang forebodingly over head, as though further undermining any one who may set out this rough nation. The mountains far away have rings around them like radiances, and one can see that they are exhausting their overwhelming weight upon the green mountain inclines. When looking into the waterway, you can tail it west and follow it to its source. There, stands a glorious heap of ice, known as portage icy mass. The ice sheet emphatically takes after a genuine mountain, one that has persevered through a snowstorm of exceptional extent. Rather than being an earthy colored soil slant with patches of white day off ice, it is the inverse. An entirely white incline scarred with patches of earthy colored. The finish of the icy mass, which is about as distant as the eye can see, is squeezed against the ground, similar to a relentless power neutralizing a steadfast article.

Australopithecus :: Informative, Anthropology

Australopithecus There are numerous sorts of the primate called australopithecus, which implies southern gorillas. These were little chimp like creatures(with a stature between 107cm what's more, 152cm) that demonstrated proof of strolling upstanding. It is hard to tell regardless of whether these starts are "humans" or "apes". A significant number of their qualities are split among people and chimps. The numerous types of australopithecus incorporate A.(australopithecus) ramidus, A. anamenesis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, A . acthiopicus, A. robustus, and A. boisei. The most seasoned known and distinguished species of australopithecus that meandered the earth was a. ramidus who lived about 4.5 million years prior. Next came A. Anamensis, An afarensis, An africanus, A. acthiopicus, a boisei and a. robustus. Ausralopithecus boisei meandered the earth as ahead of schedule as 1.1 million years prior and was on earth at the sametime as homo habilis and homo erectus. The majority of the australopithecus fossils that have been found have been found in eastern africa and have been dated between 4.5 million and 1.1 million years of age. There has additionally been proof that the australopithecus "man" lived in australia where fossils have additionally been found. The primary revelation of an australopithecus fossil was made in 1924. The assemblage of the australopithecus is littler than people, however biffer than chimpanzees. Moreover, The cerebrum size of australopithecus is greater than people at around 475 cubic centimeters. This is likewise biffer than the chipanzees, however the cerebrums were most certainly not created in many territories. For instance discourse. The australopithecus species all had generally similar highlights with a low temple, a "bony ridge"over the eyes, a

Political Anarchy :: essays research papers

     There are a few contentions against philosophical political agitation. The vast majority of the contentions are in accordance with either the hypothesis that assent isn't required or of the hypothesis we have just agreed. For being brief, this exposition will endeavor to invalidate just the last of the two. Alongside the possibility of individual assent is the longstanding, customary hypothesis of the authority of God. Different contentions follow a less revolutionary view and are that of inferred assent and all the more explicitly that of larger part assent. The possibility that assent is fundamental for the authenticity of political authority can be contended against from numerous points of view. Customarily, the contention that God gave government authority was legitimate and in tolerating religion we acknowledge this also. On the off chance that you oppose this request, you defy God. It was reason enough for a great many people to quit addressing such position. Over the most recent couple of hundreds of years, notwithstanding, the possibility of individual flexibility and freedom has moved standard intuition to being doubtful of the strict reason of government. Because you have faith in God doesn’t imply that you accept he gives government authority over you. The rising political mindfulness in our social orders is making numerous individuals wonder how much force our legislature should have over us. Regardless of whether the contention of political authority by God despite everything can't be contended against, at that point s houldn't something be said about the individuals who don't have faith in God? It is safe to say that they are relied upon to follow administrative position similarly as every other person when they don't accept a divine being offered power to government? How does on accommodate that they do and still attempt to contend that everybody has assented along these lines? Next, is the contention of unsaid assent. Those maintaining this contention state that we agree to government through some activity, for example, casting a ballot, settling charges, or even just by living in its domain. It even goes as far to stating that we assent basically by staying quiet. Does this imply we agree to something when we pick an alternative that is constrained upon us? We have a larger number of alternatives than the ones given to us by the legislature. It’s simply that they have the ability to rebuff us on the off chance that we don’t look over their palette of decisions. The way that we settle on a decision doesn't really make it willful. Would one be able to state then that on the off chance that somebody accepts they settle on a decision willfully it establishes assent?

Exploring the essence of self in the western context Essay

Articulation of origin I ensure that this writing survey is my own work and contains no material which has been acknowledged for the honor of any degree or recognition in any establishment, school or college. Also, as far as I could possibly know and conviction, it contains no material recently distributed or composed by someone else, with the exception of where due reference is made in the content of the exposition. Name Marked _________________________________________________ Date ___________________________________________________ The most crucial of the inquiries man pose to himself in the course of his life are, â€Å"what/who am I ?†and â€Å"what is my purpose?† The interest over this issue of ‘the self’ has traversed human idea for centuries establishing from cultural thought that â€Å"life can't be simply blocks and cement†. Because of the inborn idea of these central interests humanity has battled from antiquated occasions to reveal these puzzles. In the western-setting, this concise exposition will attempt to investigate the components of the â€Å"essence of self† going from medieval to the cutting edge origination of self. It will audit the hypotheses of self beginning with Aristotelian science and Christian principles and their inevitable marriage by St. Thomas Acquinas’ moral hypothesis. As a result, it at that point investigates basic perspectives and follows the improvement of Scientific Rationalization. Dynamically, it discusses Rene Descartes’ pragmatist viewsâ shaping his dualistic origination of oneself. Moreover, it represents the differentiating empiricist perspectives on John Locke where he puts hesitance and memory as the factors to understand self. Likewise, it challenges David Hume’s declaration of the self as fiction (Robinson, H., 2012). The speculations of self and personality continuously created over a recorded course of events bringing about present day thought regarding the matter. In such manner, it is critical to comprehend its improvement inception from strict origination in the west. Interest on these issues can be followed back to records of Aristotle, where he is of the view that everything in nature has a reason and everything can be defended dependent on its plan and the reason it served (Greetham, B. 2006, p.213). This is alluded to as the ‘teleological’ see, which added to the arrangement of medieval world view shaped by Christian authoritative opinion and the Catholic church (Cavalier, G.,1989). This Christian origination saw the world as being God’s creation and articulation of his will which was cosmologically important and organized. The motivation behind things under this religious philosophy is undeniable and is a piece of the ‘grand plan’ (Stanford reference book of reasoning). This sorts the medieval conviction of self, where people have a specific spot and reason and oneself is comprehended as far as the job it plays in the terrific arrangement of things. The medieval Christian origination of self was incredibly motivated by crafted by thirteenth century scholar St. Thomas Acquinas. In his creation he overcame any issues among confidence and reason by connecting Christian authoritative opinion and Aristotelian idea (O’Callaghan, R., 2010). Generally, he lived in an essential crossroads of western culture when the Latin interpretation of Aristotelian corpus was made accessible which as a result reignited the discussion on relating confidence and reason. His speculations acquired from Aristotle and Christian creed and morals which were reliably reaffirmed by the congregation throughout the hundreds of years (auquinas from stanford). The previously mentioned medieval strict origination of self structures the premise Acquinas’ moral reason on how we should act (Greetham, B., 2006). Good and bad activities dependent on their consistence with human instinct and its place â€Å"God-given characteristic order†, arranged as regular or unnatural. Thus, oneself limited and kept to filling a need. Be that as it may, this strict world-see went under extraordinary criticismâ with the coming of logical progression and judiciousness in the sixteenth and seventeenth hundreds of years. Logical speculation created under any semblance of Descartes and Locke and was contemplated dependent on the achievements of Galileo and Newton(Zalta, E., 2011). They ignored the spot of celestial will in their origination of self, putting together it with respect to simple experience, observational proof and scientific definitions. This move of origination is named ‘demythologization’, where everything works without a reason and results from mechanical connection of particles directed by all inclusive laws which can be numerically figured (Greetham, B., 2006). Subsequently, started the inquiry of oneself by searching inside for reason and significance. The cutting edge perspective on self is verbalized underway of seventeenth century thinker Rene Descartes. He spearheaded the dualistic comprehension of the individual, which is comprised of the â€Å"mental substance (mind) and the physical substance (body)† (Warburton, N., 1992). Here, the body has physical properties like having weight and utilizing space, while the brain is a non-material substance, liable for thought and experience and consequently is the dwelling place of cognizance. In his view, oneself is a profound â€Å"subject of experience† which is on a very basic level unique in relation to the body and nature, where the body inessential and the psyche can exist freely. His extreme incredulity prompted the arrangement of the â€Å"Illusion argument†, where the substantial faculties are regarded questionable and in this manner the presence of the outside world and body is unsure. The main thing one can be sure of is that ‘I exist’. This is sorted under his acclaimed declaration - â€Å"Cogito thus sum†, which means â€Å"I think, accordingly I am† (Cavalier, G., 1989). Basically, â€Å"the self is basically mental† and the quest for reason and importance ought to be looked inside ourselves as opposed to characterizing it under totality of nature. In his undertakings, Descartes utilized the â€Å"rationalist approach† to information, which exclusively depends on rationale and distrust . Conversely, his contemporary, English rationalist John Locke depends on the â€Å"empiricist approach†, where information is procured by the methods for watchfulness and experience. His religious philosophy of self underlines the job of reason, cognizance and hesitance. Concerning Locke, he considers self-to be as aâ inseparable component in the lead of any cognizant activity, such as intuition and watching. The view of the world by the faculties, attention to individual character, activities performed and its maintenance (memory) after some time is the thing that establishes reluctance (Robinson, H., 2012). Individual character here is quintessentially oneself, in which memory is conclusive variable as the awareness of past activities is basic to being a similar individual; and selfhood is dependent on the cognizance and not the body. For example, on the off chance that an individual has recollections from a previous existence as Salvador Dali, at that point he is a similar individual in the present existence with an alternate body. These contentions anyway seem equivocal upon relationship with Descartes’ accounts. In any case, Locke’s accounts vary where refers to that it isn't essential that reasoning, perception and so on to be the results of a non-material substance and leaves a possibility open that they could be of material starting point. Oneself, Locke contends, is resultant from â€Å"continuity of consciousness† and not a ‘substance’ as proposed by Descartes (Greetham, B., 2006). On the other hand, there is a paradox in these contentions; in the event that oneself is coherence of cognizance and memory maintenance, at that point without the memory of past activities responsibility for the activities is can't be held (Cavalier, g., 1989). For example, it could be conjectured in Locke’s see, that an individual who carried out homicide as a kid, who grew up to turn into a specialist and afterward as an elderly person he can't recall his wrongdoing as a kid, hencefor th as a result, he can't be considered answerable for the homicide. Eighteenth century rationalist David Hume proceeded in the exact methodology, keeping up that genuine information is exclusively gained based on direct understanding (Robinson H., 2012). He gets from Locke, be that as it may, he arrives at exceptional origination where he imagines the self as fiction. From that point, he completely ignores the â€Å"substance perspective on the mind†. He puts together his origination carefully with respect to understanding or ‘perception’ and keeps up that the existential case for the internal substance ought to be discoverable by experience (Greetham, B., 2006). Through his experience, Hume, found no such substance however rather just an assortment of recognitions where there is no personality or self restricting them. Scholastics allude to this view as the â€Å"bundle hypothesis of substance†, where various observations are in interminable transition (Robinson H., 2012). Notwithstanding, Hume neglects to distinguish a unifyingâ factor and advances a dubious comprehension of the brain simply being a heap of observations. Thusly, the Cartesian hypothesis of self increased a high ground as it offers the bringing together substance of brain in the origination of oneself (Greetham, B., 2006). The previously mentioned hypotheses of self fundamentally impact the post-current origination of oneself, as the subject tends to create after some time (Cahoone, L., 2003). These western speculations have obtained from Eastern originations of self, which demonstrates antiquated association between the west and the east. (Supercilious, G., 1989). In the contemporary world, the twentieth century has been the fore-bearer of energetic industrialization in the western world, siring quick paced purchaser social orders, where the individuals possess next to zero energy for individual satisfaction (Cahoone, L. 2003). This alongside approach of social pluralism, logical legitimization and secularization of thoughts of religion has prompted expanding enthusiasm for the concep

College Scholarships Avoid These Mistakes

HomeFinanceScholarshipsApplying To College Scholarships? Avoid These MistakesThis page may contain affiliate links.Dec 3, 2019This might surprise you, but college scholarship judges are everyday people who want to bless a student with the scholarship money from the company or organization they are representing. Some scholarships result in hundreds, and quite possibly thousands, of applications to wade through, however. So student need to keep in mind that these judges can go nuts when they see these mistakes made by students over and over again. Are you making them? I have interviewed many scholarshipjudges and am one myself for my Savor Summer College Scholarship, and trust me when I say here are three tragic mistakes that really do drive scholarship judges crazy. If you are reading this article, you more than likely want to help you or your student submit the best possible scholarship applications, so take this advice to heart and get one step closer to winning more money for college. 3 Scholarship Application Mistakes to Avoid Required Scholarship Materials Are Missing Required means mandatory, not optional! Students need to use a check-off list to make sure all required materials (letters of recommendation, transcripts, essay, etc) are uploaded or mailed-in per the application instructions. This also means that if ONE letter of recommendation is requested, sending THREE is not going to impress the judges. The easiest way to make sure all materials are included for each scholarship application is to print-out the guidelines and physically cross-out each item as it is uploaded or placed in the envelope for mailing. Students who dont follow directions drive scholarship judges crazy! This also goes for simple directions such as essay word count, eligibility requirements, and G.P.A. levels. Students simply waste their time and that of the judges when they do the work and apply for scholarships in which they do not meet the specific guidelines. Simple Grammar Mistakes Can Be Deadly Students in this day and age really dont have an excuse for submitting a scholarship essay full of grammatical errors. With free writing tools such as spell check and Grammarly, it only takes a few minutes to find out if an essay needs fixing. In addition, having someone else proofread each essay before submitting is just plain SMART. The proper use of paragraphs is also important. Reading one long paragraph of 500-1000 words or more is hard on the eyes because the words tend to run together. As a scholarship judge, reading an essay response that is one giant paragraph causes my eyes to mindlessly drift down the page and frankly, drives me up a wall. Also frustrating is reading an essay full of abbreviated text or SMS language, such as YKWIM? (You Know What I Mean?) Scholarship judges dont have the time to guess or decipher the meaning of what the student is trying to convey, so using this type of wording is not advisable at all. Scholarship essays are not text messages, so students need to treat them like valuable school assignments. Not Answering The Essay Question This one may surprise you, but it is quite common for students to submit one scholarship essay for multiple scholarship applications and while this strategy works in some cases, it will backfire in others. If the essay prompt or question is the same or very similar for several scholarships, students can go ahead and use previously written essays, but those that blindly include the same essay no matter what the question is will not win over any scholarship judges. What students CAN do is adjust each essay response to properly fit each scholarship application that they submit. The same essay prompt might be used for one scholarship with a requirement of 500 words, while the same answer is needed for another application requiring 700 words. For the longer essay, more details can be shared and examples of real-life situations expanded upon. Another fatal flaw in using the same essay over and over is if the student included the name of the scholarship in the body of the essay and forgets to change it for multiple submissions. Yes, this really happens and I have to shake my head in amazement when such an essay crosses my desk. How to Improve Your Scholarship Chances The goal of the scholarship essay is to give the judges a deeper inside look into the personality and strengths of each applicant. They need to learn why that student would best represent their company or organization if chosen as the scholarship winner. Having a great essay does not ensure that the judges will pick that student, however, as following ALL application directions is also extremely important. Driving a scholarship judge crazy will not win anyone any money, so students, pay close attention to all scholarship guidelines and endear yourself to the judges. THAT is how more college scholarship money is won.

Machiavelli’s The Prince and Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan - Free Essay Example

In Machiavelli’s The Prince and Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan, the philosophers argue theories on the construction and securement of political authority. Both Hobbes and Machiavelli present a view that human nature is motivated by passions such as selfishness and greed and this is the essence on which the political environment is derived. It is these characteristics of human nature that precept war, chaos, and political instability. Political authority must then defuse, in the case of Hobbes, or â€Å"realize†, in the case of Machiavelli, the natural condition of humans in order to maintain political stability. Hobbes argues that the Leviathan, is necessary to defuse the potential of humans natural passions and keep instability and violence out of the Commonwealth. Machiavelli, on the other hand, argues for a prince who uses ethics and violence instrumentally to manipulate citizens into obedience and the rejection of selfishness and greed. This essay will examine both theories, ultimately realizing that Hobbes’ view of political authority is more plausible as a solution to political violence and instability. In Leviathan, Hobbes uses what he terms the ‘state of nature’ to illustrate the potential of human’s natural passions to create instability and chaos. The state of nature describes a condition without common power or authority. Hobbes views human nature as inherently motivated by self-interest and the desire for power; Unrestricted by civil law, these desires create a perpetual state of conflict where humans are in constant competition with one another for resources and survival (Hobbes, Leviathan). This constant competition inevitably leads to the war â€Å"of every man against every man† (Hobbes, Leviathan). He goes on to describe life in this state as â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short†(Hobbes, Leviathan). The importance of the Leviathan is thus derived from Hobbes’ account of what life would be like devoid of a common political authority in which the passions of human nature perpetuate social and political chaos. While human’s natural propensity for self-preservation and power perpetuates war and violence in the state of nature, the same desire means humans naturally fear death and injury. It is this fear and anxiety that drives human reasoning to seek a more secure and peaceful life. In order to achieve this, Hobbes argues humans willingly give up some of their rights to a common authority in order to gain protection from the constant threat of death and anxiety for the future. Hobbes, believes that moral code is strengthened by the existence of an authority figure. As he states, â€Å"Hereby it is manifest, that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in a condition which is called war†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hobbes, Leviathan). The Leviathan thus is important because it motivates individuals to adhere to a stronger moral code and reject the natural passions of self-preservation that would normally hurdle them into a state of war. It is for this reas on that Hobbes finds it so necessary to argue for a strong central figure; without it, human’s natural passions will lead to radical political instability and total chaos. In Lord of the Flies, we see many parallels to Hobbes’ political theory. Where Hobbes believes the presence of a strong central authority strengthens moral code, we observe the inverse in the film. In the absence of a strong central authority the boys on the island begin to abandon all morality, eventually behaving in brutish, violent ways. They begin to become concerned only with hunting and a Hobbesian survival of the fittest mentality. Additionally, this film reflects Hobbes’ argument that competition of scarce resources and the desire for power will spark conflict. The competition between Ralph and Jack’s group reflects this, as the two battle for authority and power. The rest of the boys ultimately defect to Jack’s group which pursues that which ensures survival. This conflict ends up creating the most violent behavior of the film, such as Simon and Piggy’s death. Absence of strong central authority and Hobbes’ Leviathan, society and mor ality break down and humans are thrust into the miserable condition that Hobbes anticipates. In The Prince Machiavelli also considers human nature to be inherently â€Å"bad†. He states: â€Å"For this can be said of men: that they are ungrateful, fickle, liars and deceivers, avoiders of danger, [and] greedy for profit†. The nature of man thus results in war, violence, and self-serving political actors. Machiavelli argues that humans naturally bad behavior must be mitigated by a prince whose main goal is to safeguard the state and secure power. By using ethics and violence instrumentally a prince can manipulate the people into obedience and peace. Machiavelli believes that manipulation is the most essential tool to maintain power and control. In chapters 6-9, Machiavelli identifies ways in which a prince can rise to power. The distinction Machiavelli makes of these conditions demonstrate Machiavelli’s argument that a prince can only be successful in reducing political violence if he has the ingenuity to use ethics and violence properly. That is, that he can first positively manipulate the people’s view of himself and use violence such that his authority is not questioned. One way a prince can rise to power is via being elected by the populace. In this condition, the prince is positively viewed and has the love and support of his people, but his lack of the use of violence means he is not feared. He thus has not guarded against attack by enemies and runs the risk of destruction caused by war â€Å"for a man who strives after goodness in all his acts is sure to come to ruin, since there are so many men who are not good† (Machiavelli, The Prince). A second way a prince can be elected is through cruel and immoral means, relying heavily on violence (Machiavelli, The Prince). In this condition, the prince is feared, but is hated by his subjects. Machiavelli identifies hate as a real danger which causes a lack of loyalty among subjects and alliances and an environment of paranoia. In both conditions, the prince is unsuccessful in maintaining power and controlling for political violence. The most successful prince, according to Machiavelli, is one who is both loved and feared. This means he uses violence in order to deter individuals from challenging his authority, but not insofar that he is hated. It also means that he is â€Å"good†, or manipulates the positive view of himself, to the degree that he gains the support of his subjects. According to Machiavelli, it is essential that the prince uses both these instruments to end the destruction caused by war and greedy, self-seeking political actors. In the film Dangerous Liaisons, one can also see the use of manipulation in acquiring power. Meteuil and Valmont decide to manipulate the people around them for their own personal gain. At first, Meteuil’s manipulation of Cecil has to do with getting revenge against Bastide. As Machiavelli discusses in The Prince, manipulation ought to have moral content and focus. Rulers should not use deceit erroneously without the purpose of maintaining power and control. He offers Borgia as the quintiessential example for how trickery and manipulation are sometimes necessary in order to gain power. Borgia, with his punishment of the minister, created a spectacle that manipulated his subjects into being both satisfied and scared. The subjects were satisfied because the people believed that he was a just ruler who offered swift punishment, and scared because the violent display made them fearful of his power. Borgia was deceitful, but his deciet had moral content and purpose. However, it soo n becomes clear in Dangerous Liaisons that the motivation for meddling in other people’s lives becomes causing unneccesary destruction around them for their own pleasure and greed. Ultimately, it is this unbridled desire for power over other people and their happiness that leads to the characters demise. Machiavelli would condemn the use of manipulation in this way. Ultimately, I believe Hobbes’ argument for the Leviathan is a more plausible solution to political violence. As we see in Lord of the Flies, and in many instances throughout history, when civilized rule and safety is removed people will often turn to the militant mindset. When people are not protected from the constant fear of death and uncertainty, the integrity of the sovereign is lost and individuals resort to those passions that ensure survival. Once they have resorted to self-preservation, society can no longer function peacefully. However, when the Leviathan is in place, individuals are bound by civil laws and morality that prevent the passions of man from creating conflict and constant war. All participants in the commonwealth agree to give up their own rights to violence and cede to the sovereign. In this condition, they are willingly submitting themselves to the authority of the sovereign because anxiety about the future and the fear of death motivates them to seek pe ace.